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Cambridge University Press
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«Modern Russian history began with the «Great Reforms» of 1861-4 which emancipated the serfs and introduced public self-government to assist the state in managing rural administration and change. In this capacity, peasant and zemstvo self-government, established partly on the basis of Western administrative theory, was important to the solvency of the entire state, autocracy's political evolution, and the fate of the rural gentry, peasants, and townspeople. This book is the first full-scale account of the development of rural self-government from the «Great Reforms» to its bureaucratization in the counterreforms of 1889-90 and their implementation during the following decade. Drawing on a wide range of archival material in Moscow and Leningrad, Pearson pinpoints the concrete problems that Russian officials experienced in introducing rural self-government, and shows that the land captain and zemstvo counterreforms, like the earlier «Great Reforms», resulted from practical statist considerations.» |
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This book studies the important issue of the possibility of conceptual change--a possibility traditionally denied by logicians--from the perspective of philosophy of mathematics. The author also looks at aspects of language, and his conclusions have implications for a theory of concepts, truth and thought. The book will appeal to readers in the philosophy of mathematics, logic, and the philosophy of mind and language. |
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«The defining feature of relevant logic is that it forces the premises of an argument to be really used and thus become «relevant» in deriving its conclusion. This book introduces the reader to relevant logic and provides it with a philosophical interpretation. The logic is analyzed in the context of possible world semantics and situation semantics, which are then applied to provide an understanding of the various logical particles (especially implication and negation) and natural language conditionals. The book concludes by examining various applications of relevant logic.» |
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«When is it correct to say that a person's freedom is restricted? Kristján Kristjánsson offers a critical analysis of the main components of a theory of negative liberty: the nature of obstacles and constraints, the weight of obstacles, and the relation of freedom to power and autonomy. Through this discussion, which examines much of the contemporary work on political freedom, he develops his own theory of negative liberty, the so-called «responsibility view», which meets many of the goals of advocates of positive liberty while retaining its distinctive «negative» nature.» |
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Providing all students with a fair opportunity to learn (OTL) is perhaps the most pressing issue facing U.S. education. Moving beyond conventional notions of OTL — as access to content, often content tested; access to resources; or access to instructional processes — the authors reconceptualize OTL in terms of interaction among learners and elements of their learning environments. Drawing on sociocultural, sociological, psychometric, and legal perspectives, this book provides historical critique, theory and principles, and concrete examples of practice through which learning, teaching, and assessment can be re-envisioned to support fair OTL for all students. This book offers educators, researchers, and policy analysts new to sociocultural perspectives a readable and engaging introduction to fresh ideas for conceptualizing, enhancing, and assessing OTL; encourages those who already draw on sociocultural resources to focus attention on OTL and assessment; and nurtures collaboration among members of discourse communities who have rarely engaged one another's work. |
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This book describes in much detail both how and why franchising works. It also analyses the economic tensions that contribute to conflict in the franchisor-franchisee relationship. The treatment includes a great deal of empirical evidence on franchising, its importance in various segments of the economy, the terms of franchise contracts and what we know about how all these have evolved over time, especially in the U.S. market. A good many myths are dispelled in the process. The economic analysis of the franchisor-franchisee relationship begins with the observation that for franchisors, franchising is a contractual alternative to vertical integration. Subsequently, the tensions that arise between a franchisor and its franchisees, who in fact are owners of independent businesses, are examined in turn. In particular the authors discuss issues related to product quality control, tying arrangements, pricing, location and territories, advertising, and termination and renewals. |
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David Crystal's classic English as a Global Language considers the history, present status and future of the English language, focusing on its role as the leading international language. English has been deemed the most 'successful' language ever, with 1500 million speakers internationally, presenting a difficult task to those who wish to investigate it in its entirety. However, Crystal explores the subject in a measured but engaging way, always backing up observations with facts and figures. Written in a detailed and fascinating manner, this is a book written by an expert both for specialists in the subject and for general readers interested in the English language. |
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This textbook provides a comprehensive and thematically structured vocabulary for students of German. Designed for all but the very beginning levels of undergraduate study, it offers a broad range of vocabulary, and is divided into 20 manageable units dealing with the physical, social, cultural, economic, and political world. The word lists are graded into three levels that reflect difficulty and likely usefulness, and are accompanied by extensive exercises and activities, designed to reinforce work done with the lists, and to increase students' competence in using the vocabulary. Suitable for both classroom teaching and private study, the exercises also make use of authentic German texts, enabling students to work with the vocabulary in context. Clearly organized and accessible, Using German Vocabulary is designed to meet the needs of a variety of courses at multiple stages of any undergraduate programme. |
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Do you need to supplement an EAP course with fun, interactive activities that address the serious aspirations of academically-focussed students? Communicative Activities for EAP provides innovative EAP teaching ideas suitable for a wide range of contexts. This is an invaluable handbook for new, experienced or relief teachers of language support programmes, as well as for those teaching intensive language courses for undergraduate and postgraduate students in EFL and ESL/EAL contexts. The key principles of communication in the classroom, authenticity in terms of tasks and texts, learner autonomy, and critical thinking and analysis underpin all the activities, and typical academic topics are used as examples in every case. For ease of access, the activities are organised into six chapters: Speaking, Listening, Reading, Writing, Vocabulary development and Grammar. The accompanying CD-ROM contains a bank of print-ready photocopiable material. |
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Six full practice tests plus easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee exam success. Advanced Trainer offers easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee success in the Cambridge English: Advanced exam, also known as Certificate of Advanced English (CAE). The first two tests are fully guided with step-by-step advice on how to tackle each paper. Extra practice activities, informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a bank of real candidates' exam papers, focus on areas where students typically need most help. This edition includes Audio CDs featuring all the listening activities from the tests as well as an explanatory key and model answers for the Writing paper. It is suitable for self study. |
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Six full practice tests plus easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee exam success. Advanced Trainer offers easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee success in the Cambridge English: Advanced exam, also known as Certificate of Advanced English (CAE). The first two tests are fully guided with step-by-step advice on how to tackle each paper. Extra practice activities, informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a bank of real candidates' exam papers, focus on areas where students typically need most help. This 'without answers' edition is ideal for class use. |
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The Council of Europe released a preliminary version of the Manual for Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in 2003. A variety of institutions and individuals conducted case studies to pilot this draft version, prior to its revision in 2008/9. This volume features selected case studies presented at a colloquium in Cambridge in December 2007, where practitioners and academics shared their experiences of applying the Manual procedures. Projects included the linking of a single test to the CEFR, the linking of suites of examinations at different levels and large-scale national studies undertaken by examination boards and specialist research institutes. As well as describing their approaches and reporting their findings, contributors reflect and comment on their experience of using the draft Manual. An introductory chapter explains the development of the CEFR and the draft Manual, discussing their relevance for the future. |
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The volume offers an explanatory account of the progress of academic language proficiency testing in the UK (and later Australia), from the British Council's English Proficiency Test Battery (EPTB), through the revolutionary English Language Testing Service (ELTS) to the present solution of IELTS. The three stages of academic language testing in the UK over the last 50 years move from grammar through real life to features of language use. At the same time, comparison of predictive validities suggests that all three measures account for very similar shares of the variance (about 10%) and that therefore the choice of an academic language proficiency test is determined only in part by predictive validity: other factors such as test delivery, test renewal in response to fashion, research and impact on stakeholders, and assessment of all four language skills are also important. |
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In 1998 and 1999, three of the largest providers of educational tests introduced computer-based versions of proficiency tests for English as a foreign language. Around the same time, many institutions began to offer Web-based tests for particular language courses and classes. These two phenomena have greatly added to the momentum of work in computer-assisted testing and mean that assessment through computer technology is becoming a fact for language learners in educational settings and therefore for teachers and researchers. This book is the first to consider the theoretical, methodological and practical issues and their implications for language-teaching professionals wishing to engage with computer-assisted assessment. It overviews the work in the field, evaluates examples of assessment though computer technology, and provides language teachers and researchers with practical guidelines for implementation. |
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A photocopiable resource of pronunciation materials accompanied by Audio and a CD-ROM. This bank of pronunciation material provides fun, motivating practice in sounds, syllables and words, and phrases and sentences. Informed by English Profile, it is suitable for a range of levels from Elementary to Upper-intermediate+, with a focus on intelligibility rather than mastery of a model accent. Each of the 34 units consists of step-by-step teaching notes and photocopiable classroom material, providing teachers with instant lessons. Teachers can also use the Audio CD to expose students to unscripted audio material with a range of different accents, and the CD-ROM's bank of customisable material can be used to create perfect lessons. |
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Discover the pleasure of reading with this new seven-level series of original fiction, adapted fiction and factbooks specifically written for teenagers and young adults. Despite their very different backgrounds, two fifteen-year-olds are drawn together and discover that they share much more than they had ever imagined. This is a rollercoaster of an adventure that takes us from Sark, a remote island in the British Isles, to the busy modern city of Birmingham in England. Graded to seven levels with the teenage language learner in mind, Cambridge Discovery Readers exposes students to English in a lively and engaging way. Attractive and original illustrations help students to check their understanding, while integrated activities consolidate new vocabulary and encourage independent learning. British and American versions for each title expose learners to different varieties of English. Each book is also available with a CD-ROM with additional vocabulary practice activities and a complete audio recording.The accompanying website includes lesson plans and worksheets for every title, as well as teaching tips and a level placement test giving teachers all the support they need to encourage extensive reading amongst their students. |
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Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English 4 Student's Book contains four complete past papers for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) examination from Cambridge ESOL. These genuine past examination papers provide candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the CAE examination and to practise examination techniques. This Student's Book 'without answers' is ideal for classroom use. A Student's Book 'with answers', an Audio CD set and a Self-study Pack are also available. |
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Cambridge English Key for Schools 2 contains four complete and authentic examination papers for Cambridge English: Key for Schools (KET for Schools). This collection is aimed at a young audience, and provides the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. This book contains a clear explanation of marking and grading, authentic sample answers, a comprehensive section of keys and recording scripts, and frameworks to help with thorough preparation for the Speaking test. An Audio CD containing the exam Listening material, a Student's Book without answers, and a Self-study Pack containing the Student's Book with answers and Audio CD are available separately. |
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Cambridge English Key for Schools 2 contains four complete and authentic examination papers for Cambridge English: Key for Schools (KET for Schools). This collection of past examination papers is aimed at a young audience, and provides the most authentic exam preparation available. These past papers allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. An Audio CD containing the exam Listening material, a Student's Book with answers, and a Self-study Pack containing the Student's Book with answers and Audio CD are available separately. |
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Cambridge English Key for Schools 2 contains four complete and authentic examination papers for Cambridge English: Key for Schools (KET for Schools). This collection of past examination papers is aimed at a young audience, and provides the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. This pack contains the Student's Book with answers and Audio CD. The Student's Book with answers contains a clear explanation of marking and grading, authentic sample answers, transcripts, and frameworks to help with thorough preparation for the Speaking test. The CD contains the exam Listening material. The Audio CD and Student's Book with or without answers are also available separately. |
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